Who is credited with the invention of the logarithm?

The invention of logarithms is credited to John Napier, a Scottish mathematician who introduced the concept in the early 17th century. Napier's work with logarithms was groundbreaking because it provided a systematic way to simplify complex multiplication and division into manageable addition and subtraction. This was particularly beneficial in calculations involving large numbers and was widely used in astronomy, navigation, and engineering.

His book, "Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio," published in 1614, detailed these ideas and introduced logarithmic tables, which allowed users to find logarithms of numbers efficiently. The invention of logarithms not only made calculations faster but also laid important groundwork for the development of calculus and modern mathematics.

In contrast, the other individuals listed did not contribute to the invention of logarithms in this way. Himmat Bhardwai is not recognized in this context, and while Bernhard Riemann made significant contributions to mathematics, particularly in the field of analysis and geometry, he did not invent logarithms. Albert Einstein is primarily known for his contributions to physics and theoretical frameworks such as relativity, rather than mathematical inventions. Thus, John Napier stands out as the key figure in the historical development of logarithms.