Which mathematician introduced the concept of zero and the decimal place system to the Western world?

The introduction of the concept of zero and the decimal place system to the Western world is attributed to Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi. He was a Persian mathematician and astronomer during the 9th century, and his works played a pivotal role in the development of mathematics in Europe. Al-Khwarizmi wrote a book entitled "Al-Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi Hisab al-Jabr wal-Muqabala," which laid the foundation for algebra and also included significant discussions on the positional number system that the Hindus used.

This system simplified calculations and allowed for the representation of large numbers in a compact form. Al-Khwarizmi's efforts facilitated the transmission of these concepts from the Indian numeral system to Europe, particularly through translations that occurred in the later Middle Ages. His influence is evident in the term "algebra," which is derived from "al-Jabr," one of the operations he described.

The other individuals listed did not focus on the introduction of zero and the decimal system to Western mathematics. Albert Einstein was a physicist known for his theories of relativity, while Euclid primarily dealt with geometry, and Bernhard Riemann made significant contributions to analysis and differential geometry but did not